Nephritic and Nephrotic Syndromes Quiz

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Question 1

What is a defining feature of minimal change disease?

A	Segmental sclerosis on light microscopy
B	Blunting of the villi on light microscopy
C	Effacement of the foot processes on electron mycroscopy
D	Slight visible changes of the glomeruli on light microscoty

Question 1 Explanation:

Minimal change disease shows normal glomeruli on LM and effacement of the foot processes on EM. Minimal change is most often seen in children.

Question 2

Which syndrome shoes a spike and dome appearance on electron microscopy?

A	Alport syndrome
B	Goodpasture syndrome
C	Accute post streptococcal GN
D	Membranous glomerulonephritis
E	Berger's disease (IgA nephropathy)

Question 2 Explanation:

Membranous glomerulonephritis has a spike and dome appearance on EM. It is also the most common cause of adult nephrotic syndrome.

Question 3

Which nephrotic syndrome is associated with HIV?

A	Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
B	IgA Nephropathy
C	Amyloidosis
D	Minimal Change Disease

Question 3 Explanation:

Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis is the most common glomerular disease in patients with HIV.

Question 4

A patient complains of excessively frothy urine when he uses the toilet in the morning. Thickening of the glomerular basement membrane and Kimmelstiel-Wilson lesions are seen on light microscopy.

What has been the major cause of this patients current condition?

A	Poor control of glucose levels
B	SLE
C	Antibodies to the glomerular and alveolar basement membranes
D	Recent streptococcal infection

Question 4 Explanation:

Kimmelstiel-Wilson lesions are a defining feature of diabetic glomerulonephropathy.

Question 5

A woman with a history significant for lupus is found to have 2.3 grams of protein in her urine each day. In the investigation you find wire looping of the capillaries on light microscopy. Which of the following tops your differential?

A	Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis
B	IgA nephropathy
C	Rapidly progressive Glomerulonephritis
D	Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

Question 5 Explanation:

Wire looping should be a term that you associate with Diffuse Proliferative Glomerulonephitis.

Question 6

This image shows apple-green birefringence with Congo-red stain on light microscopy.

What nephrotic disease would you suspect?

A	Diabetic glomerulonephropathy
B	Amyloidosis
C	Minimal change disease
D	Wegener's granulomatosis

Question 6 Explanation:

Amyloidosis is associated with many chronic conditions, and is often described as "apple-green birefringence" on a Congo-red stain on LM.

Question 7

Which of the following characteristics is used to define a nephritic syndrome?

A	Red Blood Cell casts in urine with a decreased BUN and creatinine
B	Protein in the urine (under 3.5 grams per day)
C	Polyuria and hypotension
D	Fatty casts in urine

Question 7 Explanation:

One of the defining features used to determine the difference between nephritic and nephrotic syndromes is the amount of protein in the urine. Nephritic syndromes have under 3.5 g/day. Nephrotic syndromes have over 3.5 g/day. Fatty casts are a feature of nephrotic syndromes.

Question 8

Which nephrotic syndrome has a "tram-track" appearance on light microscopy?

A	Diabetic glomerulonephritis
B	RGPN
C	Berger's disease
D	Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis
E	Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

Question 8 Explanation:

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis has a "tram-track" appearance on LM. Diabetic glomerulonephritis is the only other answer that is a nephrotic syndrome, the rest are nephritic syndromes.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a part of the body affected in Alport syndrome?

A	Ears
B	Eyes
C	Liver
D	Kidneys

Question 9 Explanation:

Alport syndrome is a type IV collagen defect that leads to eyesight changes, deafness, and nephrotic syndrome.

Question 10

What type of hypersensitivity is Goodpasture syndrome?

A	Type I
B	Type IV
C	Type II
D	Type III

Question 10 Explanation:

Goodpasture syndrome is a type II hypersensitivity with antibodies against the glomerular basement membrane.

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